Prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes Among US Children and Adults by Age, Sex, Race, and Ethnicity.

This study uses data from the 2019 to 2022 cycles of the National Health Interview Survey to estimate the prevalence of type 1 diabetes among US youths and adults.

Glucose Color Index: Development and Validation of a Novel Measure of the Shape of Glycemic Variability.

BACKGROUND: Standard continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics: mean glucose, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and time in range, fail to capture the shape of variability in the CGM time series. This information could facilitate improved diabetes management. METHODS: We analyzed CGM data from 141 adults with type 2 diabetes in the Hyperglycemic Profiles in Obstructive Sleep Apnea (HYPNOS) trial. Participants in HYPNOS wore CGM sensors for up to two weeks at two time points, three months apart. We calculated the log-periodogram for each time period, summarizing using disjoint linear models. These summaries were combined into a single value, termed the Glucose Color Index (GCI), using canonical correlation analysis. We compared the between-wear correlation of GCI with those of standard CGM metrics and assessed associations between GCI and diabetes comorbidities in 398 older adults with type 2 diabetes from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. RESULTS: The GCI achieved a test-retest correlation of R = .75. Adjusting for standard CGM metrics, the GCI test-retest correlation was R = .55. Glucose Color Index was significantly associated (p < .05) with impaired physical functioning, frailty/pre-frailty, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and dementia/mild cognitive impairment after adjustment for confounders. CONCLUSION: We developed and validated the GCI, a novel CGM metric that captures the shape of glucose variability using the periodogram signal decomposition. Glucose Color Index was reliable within participants over a three-month period and associated with diabetes comorbidities. The GCI suggests a promising avenue toward the development of CGM metrics which more fully incorporate time series information.

Satisfaction with Telehealth Care in the United States: Cross-Sectional Survey.

Background: Telehealth use remains high following the COVID-19 pandemic, but patient satisfaction with telehealth care is unclear. Methods: We used cross-sectional data from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 6). 2,058 English and Spanish-speaking U.S. adults (≥18 years) with a telehealth visit in the 12 months before March-November 2022 were included in this study. The primary outcomes were telehealth visit modality and satisfaction in the 12 months before HINTS 6. We evaluated sociodemographic predictors of telehealth visit modality and satisfaction via Poisson regression. Analyses were weighted according to HINTS standards. Results: We included 2,058 participants (48.4 ± 16.8 years; 57% women; 66% White), of which 70% had an audio-video and 30% an audio-only telehealth visit. Adults with an audio-video visit were more likely to have health insurance (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18-2.04) and have an annual household income of ≥$75,000 (aPR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.00-1.39) and less likely to be ≥65 years (aPR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.70-0.89), adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. No further inequities were noted by telehealth modality. Seventy-five percent of participants felt that their telehealth visits were as good as in-person care. No significant differences in telehealth satisfaction were observed across sociodemographic characteristics, telehealth modality, or the participants' primary reason for their most recent telehealth visit in adjusted analysis. Conclusions: Among U.S. adults with a telehealth visit, the majority had an audio-video visit and were satisfied with their care. Telehealth should continue, being offered following COVID-19, as it is uniformly valued by patients.

Four high sensitivity troponin assays and mortality in US adults with cardiovascular disease: The national health and nutrition examination survey, 1999-2004.

Objective: High sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) may be useful to monitor residual risk in secondary prevention. Our objective was to study the correlations and comparative associations with mortality of four hs-cTn assays in US adults with known cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods: We studied 1,211 adults with a history of CVD who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004. Using stored samples, we measured hs-cTnT (Roche) and three hs-cTnI assays (Abbott, Siemens, and Ortho). Outcomes were all-cause and CVD mortality, with follow-up through December 31, 2019. Results: Mean age was 64 years, 48 % were female, and 80 % identified as non-Hispanic White. Pearson's correlation coefficients between hs-cTn assays ranged from 0.67 to 0.85. There were 848 deaths (365 from CVD). Among adults with a history of prior non-fatal CVD, each hs-cTn assay (log-transformed, per 1-SD) was independently associated with CVD death (HRs ranging from 1.55 to 2.16 per 1-SD, all p-values <0.05) and with all-cause death (HRs ranging from 1.31 to 1.62 per 1-SD, all p-values <0.05). Associations of hs-cTnT and all-cause and CVD death remained significant after adjusting for hs-cTnI (and vice versa). Associations between hs-cTnI and CVD death remained significant after mutually adjusting for other individual hs-cTnI assays: e.g., HR 2.21 (95 % CI 1.60, 3.05) for Ortho (hs-cTnI) after adjustment for Siemens (hs-cTnI) and HR 1.81 (95 % CI 1.35, 2.43) for Ortho (hs-cTnI) after adjustment for Abbott (hs-cTnI). Conclusion: In US adults with a history of CVD, we found modest correlations between 4 hs-cTn assays. All assays were associated with all-cause and CVD mortality. The hs-cTnT assay was associated with mortality independent of the hs-cTnI assays. Hs-cTnI assays also appeared to be independent of each other. Thus, hs-cTn assays may provide distinct information for residual risk in secondary prevention adults.

Insulin Resistance and N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Among Healthy Adults.

Importance: It is unclear to what extent insulin resistance is associated with N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in the general population after accounting for body composition. Objective: To characterize the association of insulin resistance with NT-proBNP independently of measures of body composition in US adults. Design, Setting, and Participants: In a cross-sectional design, data on participants aged 20 years or older were obtained from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with measures of NT-pro-BNP, body mass index (BMI), and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)-derived measures of body composition (fat and lean masses). Linear and logistic regression was used to characterize the associations of measures of body mass and composition (BMI, waist circumference, fat mass, and lean mass) with NT-proBNP, adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors. Linear regression was used to characterize the associations of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR] and NT-proBNP after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and body composition measures. The quantitative insulin sensitivity check index [QUICKI], triglyceride-glucose index [TyG index], insulin to glucose ratio [IGR], fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of ß-cell function (HOMA-ß) were also examined. Data for this study were analyzed from August 10, 2022, to June 30, 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures: Adjusted changes in NT-proBNP by insulin resistance levels. Results: A total of 4038 adults without diabetes or cardiovascular disease were included (mean [SD] age, 44 years; 51.2% female; and 74.3% White). In sex-specific analyses, insulin resistance measures were inversely associated with NT-pro-BNP. After adjustment including cardiovascular risk factors, BMI, waist circumference, and DEXA-derived fat mass and lean mass, the percent change in NT-proBNP associated with an SD increase in HOMA-IR was -16.84% (95% CI, -21.23% to -12.21%) in women and -19.04% (95% CI, -24.14 to -13.59) in men. Similar associations were observed for other indices of insulin resistance, including QUICKI (women: 17.27; 95% CI, 10.92-23.99 vs men: 22.17; 95% CI, 15.27 to 29.48), TyG index women: -11.47; 95% CI, -16.12 to -6.57 vs men: -15.81; 95% CI, -20.40 to -10.95), IGR women: -15.15; 95% CI, -19.35 to -10.74 vs men: -16.61; 95% CI, -21.63 to -11.26), and fasting insulin (women: -16.32; 95% CI, -20.63 to -11.78 vs men: -18.22; 95% CI, -23.30 to -12.79), as well as HOMA-ß (women: -10.71; 95% CI, -14.71 to -6.52 vs men: -11.72; 95% CI, -16.35 to -6.85). Conclusions and Relevance: In a national sample of US adults, insulin resistance was inversely associated with NT-proBNP, even after rigorously accounting for multiple measures of fat mass and lean mass. These results suggest that the mechanisms linking NT-proBNP to insulin resistance are partially independent of excess adiposity and may be associated with hyperinsulinemia.

Lonely but not alone: Examining correlates of loneliness among Canadian post-secondary students.

Objective: Loneliness is increasingly acknowledged as a public health concern due to its association with morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of loneliness is highest in the post-secondary population. Understanding the correlates of loneliness may assist in developing policy and program interventions. Participants and Methods: Post-secondary students (n = 28,975) from the Winter 2022 Canadian Campus Wellbeing Survey (CCWS) cycle. A multi-level logistic regression controlling for the institution was built to determine how demographic, health behaviors, mental health and institutional level factors are associated with loneliness. Results: The prevalence of loneliness was 31% in our sample. Demographic (e.g., gender, sexual orientation, social economic status), health behaviors (e.g., physical activity and substance use), mental health (e.g., mental distress and social support) and institutional factors (e.g., college or university institution) impacted the odds of reporting loneliness (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest loneliness might require greater attention by institutional staff and administrators.

Elevated Cardiac Biomarkers, Erectile Dysfunction, and Mortality in U.S. Men: NHANES 2001 to 2004.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of elevated cardiac biomarkers and their link to mortality in men with erectile dysfunction in the U.S. population are unknown. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of elevations in N-terminal prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide, high sensitivity troponin (hs-troponin) T, and 3 hs-troponin I assays and their associations with mortality in U.S. men with and without erectile dysfunction. METHODS: We conducted cross-sectional analyses using logistic regression to examine associations of elevated cardiac biomarkers (>90th percentile) with erectile dysfunction in 2,971 male participants aged 20 years or older in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2001 to 2004. We conducted prospective analyses using Cox regression to examine the mortality implications of elevations in cardiac biomarkers in the setting of erectile dysfunction. RESULTS: Elevations in hs-troponin T and the 3 hs-troponin I assays were associated with erectile dysfunction, with the strongest association for hs-troponin T (adjusted OR: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.22-3.30). Elevated N-terminal prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide was not significantly associated with erectile dysfunction (OR: 1.22; 95% CI: 0.74-2.03). There were 673 deaths during a median of 16 years of follow-up. Men with erectile dysfunction were at an elevated risk of death (adjusted HR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.04-1.46). Those men with elevated cardiac biomarkers in the setting of erectile dysfunction were at highest risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (adjusted HRs ranging from ~1.5 to 2.4). CONCLUSIONS: In this national study, the association of erectile dysfunction with elevated hs-troponin and excess mortality risk suggests that men with erectile dysfunction should be evaluated and targeted for intensive cardiovascular risk management.

Diabetic foot disease and the risk of major clinical outcomes.

AIMS: Data on the long-term consequences of diabetic foot disease (DFD) are scarce. We examined the association between DFD and major clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes in the general population. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort analysis of 1,428 participants with diabetes in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. DFD and four clinical outcomes (nontraumatic lower-extremity amputation, cardiovascular disease, major fall, and death) were captured through 2018 using administrative data. We used Cox regression models to evaluate the association between incident DFD (modeled as a time-varying exposure) and the subsequent risk of clinical outcomes. RESULTS: During over two decades of follow-up (1996-1998 to 2018), the cumulative incidence of DFD was 33.3%. Risk factors for DFD included older age, poor glycemic control, long diabetes duration, and prevalent vascular disease (chronic kidney disease, retinopathy, cardiovascular disease). Following incident DFD, the five-year cumulative incidence of major clinical outcomes was 38.9% for mortality, 25.2% for cardiovascular disease, 14.5% for nontraumatic lower-extremity amputation, and 13.2% for major fall. DFD remained associated with all four clinical outcomes after multivariable adjustment, with hazard ratios ranging from 1.5 (cardiovascular disease) to 34.7 (lower-extremity amputation). CONCLUSIONS: DFD is common and confers substantial risk for major morbidity and mortality.

High-sensitivity troponins and mortality in the general population.

AIMS: Cardiac troponin T and I can be measured using a number of high-sensitivity (hs) assays. This study aimed to characterize correlations between four such assays and test their comparative associations with mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among adults without cardiovascular disease in the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, hs-troponin T was measured using one assay (Roche) and hs-troponin I using three assays (Abbott, Siemens, and Ortho). Cox regression was used to estimate associations with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Pearson's correlation coefficients comparing concentrations from each assay ranged from 0.53 to 0.77. There were 2188 deaths (488 cardiovascular) among 9810 participants. Each hs-troponin assay [log-transformed, per 1 standard deviation (SD)] was independently associated with all-cause mortality: hazard ratio (HR) 1.20 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13-1.28] for Abbott hs-troponin I; HR 1.10 (95% CI 1.02-1.18) for Siemens hs-troponin I; HR 1.23 (95% CI 1.14-1.33) for Ortho hs-troponin I; and HR 1.31 (95% CI 1.21-1.42) for Roche hs-troponin T. Each hs-troponin assay was also independently associated with cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.44 to 1.65 per 1 SD). Associations of hs-troponin T and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality remained significant after adjusting for hs-troponin I. Furthermore, associations of hs-troponin I remained significant after mutually adjusting for hs-troponin I from the other individual assays: e.g. cardiovascular mortality HR 1.46 (95% CI 1.19-1.79) for Abbott after adjustment for the Siemens assay and HR 1.29 (95% CI 1.09-1.53) for Abbott after adjustment for the Ortho assay. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates only modest correlations between hs-troponin T and three hs-troponin I assays and that hs-troponin I assays can provide distinct risk information for mortality in the general population.

Prevalence and Correlates of Elevated NT-proBNP in Pregnant Women in the General U.S. Population.

BACKGROUND: Physiologic changes in N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) across trimesters of pregnancy have not been well studied. OBJECTIVES: The authors aimed to measure NT-proBNP in adult women, by pregnancy status and trimester, in a nationally representative sample from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2004. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 2,134 women (546 pregnant) aged 20 to 40 years without a history of cardiovascular disease. RESULTS: Among pregnant women in the first trimester, the prevalence of elevated NT-proBNP (>125 pg/mL) was 20.0% (SE, 6.6%) compared to 2.4% (SE, 0.8%) among women in the third trimester and 8.0% among nonpregnant women. After adjustment for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors, NT-proBNP was 44% higher (absolute difference 26.4 [95% CI: 11.2-41.6] pg/mL) in the first trimester of pregnancy compared to nonpregnant women. Among pregnant women only, adjusted NT-proBNP was 46% lower (absolute difference -22.2 [95% CI: -36.9 to -7.5] pg/mL) in women in the third trimester compared to women in the first trimester. NT-proBNP was inversely associated with body mass index and with systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Women in the first trimester of pregnancy had significantly higher NT-proBNP than those in the third trimester and compared to similarly aged nonpregnant women. The dynamic nature of NT-proBNP should be taken into consideration when ordering NT-proBNP lab tests in pregnant women.

Global Prevalence of Prediabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the global, regional, and national prevalence of prediabetes, defined by impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We reviewed 7,014 publications for high-quality estimates of IGT (2-h glucose, 7.8-11.0 mmol/L [140-199 mg/dL]) and IFG (fasting glucose, 6.1-6.9 mmol/L [110-125 mg/dL]) prevalence for each country. We used logistic regression to generate prevalence estimates for IGT and IFG among adults aged 20-79 years in 2021 and projections for 2045. For countries without in-country data, we extrapolated estimates from countries with available data with similar geography, income, ethnicity, and language. Estimates were standardized to the age distribution for each country from the United Nations. RESULTS: Approximately two-thirds of countries did not have high-quality IGT or IFG data. There were 50 high-quality studies for IGT from 43 countries and 43 high-quality studies for IFG from 40 countries. Eleven countries had data for both IGT and IFG. The global prevalence of IGT in 2021 was 9.1% (464 million) and is projected to increase to 10.0% (638 million) in 2045. The global prevalence of IFG in 2021 was 5.8% (298 million) and is projected to increase to 6.5% (414 million) in 2045. The 2021 prevalence of IGT and IFG was highest in high-income countries. In 2045, the largest relative growth in cases of IGT and IFG would be in low-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: The global burden of prediabetes is substantial and growing. Enhancing prediabetes surveillance is necessary to effectively implement diabetes prevention policies and interventions.

Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in US Adults With and Without Diabetes.

Background We characterized the burden and prognostic value of subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) assessed by cardiac biomarkers among adults with and without diabetes in the general US population. Methods and Results We measured hs-cTnT (high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T) and NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) in stored serum samples from the 1999 to 2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Among US adults without a history of CVD (n=10 304), we estimated the prevalence of elevated hs-cTnT (≥14 ng/L) and NT-proBNP (≥125 pg/mL) in those with and without diabetes. We examined the associations between elevated hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP with all-cause and CVD mortality after adjustment for demographics and traditional CVD risk factors. The crude prevalence of subclinical CVD (elevated hs-cTnT or NT-proBNP) was ≈2 times higher in adults with (versus without) diabetes (33.4% versus 16.1%). After age adjustment, elevated hs-cTnT, but not elevated NT-proBNP, was more common in those with diabetes, overall and across age, sex, race and ethnicity, and weight status. The prevalence of elevated hs-cTnT was significantly higher in those with longer diabetes duration and worse glycemic control. In persons with diabetes, elevated hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP were independently associated with all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.77 [95% CI, 1.33-2.34] and HR, 1.78 [95% CI, 1.26-2.51]) and CVD mortality (adjusted HR, 1.54 [95% CI, 0.83-2.85] and HR, 2.46 [95% CI, 1.31-4.60]). Conclusions Subclinical CVD affects ≈1 in 3 US adults with diabetes and confers substantial risk for mortality. Routine testing of cardiac biomarkers may be useful for assessing and monitoring risk in persons with diabetes.

Prediabetes, intervening diabetes and subsequent risk of dementia: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this work was to evaluate whether the association of prediabetes with dementia is explained by the intervening onset of diabetes. METHODS: Among participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study we defined baseline prediabetes as HbA1c 39-46 mmol/mol (5.7-6.4%) and subsequent incident diabetes as a self-reported physician diagnosis or use of diabetes medication. Incident dementia was ascertained via active surveillance and adjudicated. We quantified the association of prediabetes with dementia risk before and after accounting for the subsequent development of diabetes among ARIC participants without diabetes at baseline (1990-1992; participants aged 46-70 years). We also evaluated whether age at diabetes diagnosis modified the risk of dementia. RESULTS: Among 11,656 participants without diabetes at baseline, 2330 (20.0%) had prediabetes. Before accounting for incident diabetes, prediabetes was significantly associated with the risk of dementia (HR 1.12 [95% CI 1.01, 1.24]). After accounting for incident diabetes, the association was attenuated and non-significant (HR 1.05 [95% CI 0.94, 1.16]). Earlier age of onset of diabetes had the strongest association with dementia: HR 2.92 (95% CI 2.06, 4.14) for onset before 60 years; HR 1.73 (95% CI 1.47, 2.04) for onset at 60-69 years; and HR 1.23 (95% CI 1.08, 1.40) for onset at 70-79 years. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Prediabetes is associated with dementia risk but this risk is explained by the subsequent development of diabetes. Earlier age of onset of diabetes substantially increases dementia risk. Preventing or delaying progression of prediabetes to diabetes will reduce dementia burden.

Inverse Associations between Measures of Adiposity and Glycated Albumin in US Adults, NHANES 1999-2004.

BACKGROUND: Glycated albumin (GA) is a short-term measure of glycemic control. Several studies have demonstrated an inverse association between body mass index (BMI) and GA, which may affect its performance as a biomarker of hyperglycemia. We investigated cross-sectional associations between GA and multiple measures of adiposity, and compared its performance as a glycemic biomarker by obesity status, in a nationally representative sample of US adults. METHODS: We measured GA in adults from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Separately in adults with and without diabetes, we assessed associations of GA with adiposity measures (BMI, waist circumference, trunk fat, total body fat, and fat mass index) in sex-stratified multivariable regression models. We compared sensitivity and specificity of GA to identify elevated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), by obesity status. RESULTS: In covariate-adjusted regression models, all adiposity measures were inversely associated with GA in adults without diabetes (ß=-0.48 to -0.22%-point GA per 1 SD adiposity measure; n = 9750) and with diabetes (ß=-1.73 to -0.92%-point GA per SD). Comparing adults with vs without obesity, GA exhibited lower sensitivity (43% vs 54%) with equivalent specificity (99%) to detect undiagnosed diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 6.5%). Among adults with diagnosed diabetes (n = 1085), GA performed well to identify above-target glycemia (HbA1c ≥ 7.0%), with high specificity (>80%) overall but lower sensitivity in those with vs without obesity (81% vs 93%). CONCLUSIONS: Inverse associations between GA and adiposity were present in people with and without diabetes. GA is highly specific but may not be sufficiently sensitive for diabetes screening in adults with obesity.